Biography of Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese Explorer

Ferdinand Magellan (February 3, 1480–April 27, 1521), a Portuguese explorer, set sail in September 1519 with a fleet of five Spanish ships in an attempt to find the Spice Islands by heading west. Although Magellan died during the journey, he is credited with the first circumnavigation of the Earth. Fast Facts: Ferdinand Magellan Known For: Portuguese explorer credited with circumnavigating the EarthAlso Known As: Fernando de MagallanesBorn: February 3, 1480 in Sabrosa,  PortugalParents: Magalhaes and Alda de Mesquita (m. 1517–1521)Died: April 27, 1521 in the Kingdom of  Mactan (now  Lapu-Lapu City,  Philippines)Awards and Honors: The Order of Magellan was established in 1902 to honor those who have circumnavigated the Earth.Spouse: Marà ­a Caldera Beatriz BarbosaChildren: Rodrigo de Magalhà £es, Carlos de Magalhà £esNotable Quote: â€Å"The church says the earth is flat; but I have seen its shadow on the moon, and I have more confidence even in a shadow than in the church.† Early Years and Voyages Ferdinand Magellan was born in 1480 in Sabrosa, Portugal, to Rui de Magalhaes and Alda de Mesquita. Because his family had ties to the royal family, Magellan became a page to the Portuguese queen after his parents untimely deaths in 1490. This position as a page allowed Magellan the opportunity to become educated and learn about the various Portuguese exploration expeditions—possibly even those conducted by Christopher Columbus. Magellan took part in his first sea voyage in 1505 when Portugal sent him to India to help install Francisco de Almeida as the Portuguese viceroy. He also experienced his first battle there in 1509 when one of the local kings rejected the practice of paying tribute to the new viceroy. From here, however, Magellan lost the viceroy Almeidas support after he took leave without permission and was accused of illegally trading with the Moors. After some of the accusations were proven to be true, Magellan lost all offers of employment from the Portuguese after 1514. The Spanish and the Spice Islands Around this same time, the Spanish were engaged in trying to find a new route to the Spice Islands (the East Indies, in present-day Indonesia) after the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the world in half in 1494. The dividing line for this treaty went through the Atlantic Ocean and Spain got the lands west of the line, including the Americas. Brazil, however, went to Portugal as did everything east of the line, including India and the eastern half of Africa. Similar to his predecessor Columbus, Magellan believed that the Spice Islands could be reached by sailing west through the New World. He proposed this idea to Manuel I, the Portuguese king, but was rejected. Looking for support, Magellan moved on to share his plan with the Spanish king. On March 22, 1518, Charles I was persuaded by Magellan and granted him a large sum of money to find a route to the Spice Islands by sailing west, thereby giving Spain control of the area, since it would in effect be west of the dividing line through the Atlantic. Using these generous funds, Magellan set sail going west toward the Spice Islands in September 1519 with five ships (the Conception, the San Antonio, the Santiago, the Trinidad, and the Victoria) and 270 men. The Early Portion of the Voyage Since Magellan was a Portuguese explorer in charge of a Spanish fleet, the early part of the voyage to the west was riddled with problems. Several of the Spanish captains on the ships in the expedition plotted to kill him, but none of their plans succeeded. Many of these mutineers were held prisoner and/or executed. In addition, Magellan had to avoid Portuguese territory since he was sailing for Spain. After months of sailing across the Atlantic Ocean, the fleet anchored at what is today Rio de Janeiro to restock its supplies on December 13, 1519. From there, they moved down the coast of South America looking for a way into the Pacific. As they sailed farther south, however, the weather got worse, so the crew anchored in Patagonia (southern South America) to wait out the winter. As the weather began to ease in the spring, Magellan sent the Santiago on a mission to look for a way through to the Pacific Ocean. In May, the ship was wrecked and the fleet did not move again until August 1520. Then, after months of exploring the area, the remaining four ships found a strait in October and sailed through it. This portion of the journey took 38 days, cost them the San Antonio (because its crew decided to abandon the expedition) and a large amount of supplies. Nevertheless, at the end of November, the remaining three ships exited what Magellan named the Strait of All Saints and sailed into the Pacific Ocean. Later Voyage and Death From here, Magellan mistakenly thought it would only take a few days to reach the Spice Islands, when it instead took four months, during which time his crew suffered immensely. They began to starve as their food supplies were depleted, their water turned putrid, and many of the men developed scurvy. The crew was able to stop at a nearby island in January 1521 to eat fish and seabirds, but their supplies were not adequately restocked until March when they stopped in Guam. On March 28, they landed in the Philippines and befriended a tribal king, Rajah Humabon of Cebu Island. After spending time with the king, Magellan and his crew were persuaded into helping the tribe kill their enemy Lapu-Lapu on Mactan Island. On April 27, 1521, Magellan took part in the Battle of Mactan and was killed by Lapu-Lapus army. After Magellans death, Sebastian del Cano had the Conception burned (so it could not be used against them by the locals) and took over the two remaining ships and 117 crewmembers. To ensure that one ship would make it back to Spain, the Trinidad headed east while the Victoria continued west. The Trinidad was seized by the Portuguese on its return journey, but on September 6, 1522, the Victoria and only 18 surviving crew members returned to Spain, completing the first circumnavigation of the Earth. Legacy Though Magellan died before the voyage was completed, he is often credited with the first circumnavigation of the Earth as he initially led the voyage. He also discovered what is now called the Strait of Magellan and named both the Pacific Ocean and South Americas Tierra del Fuego. Magellanic Clouds in space were also named for him, as his crew was the first to view them while sailing in the Southern Hemisphere. Most important to geography though, was Magellan’s realization of the full extent of the Earth—something that significantly aided to the development of later geographic exploration and the resulting knowledge of the world today. Sources Editors, History.com. â€Å"Ferdinand Magellan.†Ã‚  History.com, AE Television Networks, 29 Oct. 2009.â€Å"The Ages of Exploration.†Ã‚  Exploration.marinersmuseum.org.Burgan, Michael.  Magellan: Ferdinand Magellan and the First Trip Around the World. Mankato: Capstone Publishers, 2001.

Different Positive And Unique Aspects Of Intercultural...

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The Punitive And Rehabilitative Approach As An...

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Yunker V. Honeywell free essay sample

The court meant by its statement that negligent hiring and negligent retention â€Å"rely on liability on the part of an individual or a business that has been on the basis of negligence or other factors resulting in harm or damage to another individual or their property† (Luthra, 2011) and not on â€Å"an obligation that arises from the relationship of one party with another† (Luthra, 2011). The court meant that â€Å"negligent hiring and negligent retention do not rely on the scope of employment but address risks created by exposing members of the public to a potentially dangerous individual† (McAdams, 2007, pg. 457). 2. The court rejected the negligent supervision claim because they agreed it was not a viable theory of recovery. They stated that, â€Å"Because Landin was neither on Honeywell’s premises nor using Honeywell’s chattels when he shot Nesser† (McAdams, 2007, pg. 457), that therefore made the claim not viable. The court in this case rejected the negligent hiring claim because of previous case law. We will write a custom essay sample on Yunker V. Honeywell or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the Ponticas case of 1983, the court defined negligent hiring as, â€Å"predicated on the negligence of an employer in placing a person with knowing propensities, or propensities which should have been discovered by reasonable investigation, in an employment position in which, because of the circumstances of the employment, it should have been foreseeable that the hired individual posed a threat of injury to others†. â€Å"Because of this definition under Ponticas, Honeywell argued that it should not be held liable for negligent hiring because, unlike providing a dangerous resident manager with a passkey, Landin’s employment did not enable him to commit the act of violence against Nesser† (McAdams, 2007, pg. 457). 4. The court allowed for the negligent retention issue to go to trial because of some evidence found on the record, which showed a number of episodes after Landin’s imprisonment while employed at Honeywell, a propensity for abuse and violence toward co-employees. According to the  definition by the Florida Appellate court, â€Å"Negligent retention occurs when, during the course of employment, the employer becomes aware or should have become aware of problems with an employee that indicated his unfitness, and the employer fails to take further action such as investigating, discharge, or reassignment† (McAdams, 2007, pg. 458). Since the record contained evidence of a number of episodes during Landins employment after imprisonment where Honeywell should have become aware if not already aware and have taken action, this is why the court allowed for the negligent retention issue to go to trial. â€Å"Employees or their representatives have a right to request an inspection of a workplace if they believe there is a violation of a safety or health standard, or if there is any danger that threatens physical harm, or if an imminent danger exists. In addition, anyone who knows about a workplace safety or health hazard may report unsafe conditions to OSHA, and OSHA will investigate the concerns reported† (OSHA, 2011). What info must the employee give? â€Å"Employees or their representatives must provide enough information for OSHA  to determine that a hazard probably exists. Workers do not have to know whether a specific OSHA standard has been violated in order to file a complaint† (OSHA, 2011). The following are examples of the type of information that would be useful to OSHA when receiving a complaint: -How many employees work at the site and how many are exposed to the hazard. -How and when workers are exposed, what work is performed in the unsafe or unhealthful area. -What type of equipment is used, Is it in good condition What materials and/or chemicals are used. Have employees been informed or trained regarding hazardous conditions, -What process and/or operation is involved, what kinds of work are done nearby, -How often and for how long do employees work at the task that leads to their exposure? -How long (to your knowledge) has the condition existed? -Have any attempts been made to correct the problem, on what shifts does the hazard exist? -Has anyone been injured or made ill because of this problem. -Have there been any near-miss incidents?   How does OSHA respond? â€Å"OSHA evaluates each complaint to determine how it can be handled bestan off-site investigation or an on-site inspection. Before beginning an inspection, OSHA staff must be able to determine from the complaint that there are reasonable grounds to believe that a violation of an OSHA standard or a safety or health hazard exists. If OSHA has information indicating the employer is aware of the hazard and is correcting it, the agency may not conduct an inspection after obtaining the necessary documentation from the employer†. â€Å"Complaint inspections generally are limited to the hazards listed in the complaint, although other violations in plain sight may be cited as well. The inspector may decide to expand the inspection based on his/her professional judgment or conversations with workers. Complaints are not necessarily inspected in first come, first served order. OSHA ranks complaints based on the severity of the alleged hazard and the number of employees exposed. That is why lower priority complaints can often be handled more quickly using the phone/fax method than through on-site  inspections After OSHA conducts a phone/fax investigation or an on-site inspection, the agency sends a letter to the worker or worker representative who filed the complaint outlining the findings, including citations and proposed penalties. Copies of citations also must be posted by the employer at or near the site of the violation. This assures that all workers who might be exposed to a hazard are aware of it and understand the need and the schedule for correction.